THE STRUCTURE OF THE MENTAL APPARATUS OF CLASSICAL FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS (PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS)

Abstract

The article is devoted to the philosophical analysis of the complex of issues related to the understanding and interpretation of the structure of the mental apparatus of Freud’s classical psychoanalysis. The basic principles of psychoanalysis of consciousness are presented, the dynamics of the development of psychoanalytic ideas of the system unconscious – consciousness is revealed. From the perspective of psychoanalysis, the psyche splits into two opposing spheres: the Conscious and the Unconscious. They are the defining characteristics of the personality structure. However, they are not equivalent. The Unconscious is a special domain of the psyche. The Unconscious is the essence of the human psyche. The Conscious is built on top of the Unconscious. The structure of the mental apparatus according to Freud consists of three components: “Ego” – the sphere of the Conscious, the mediator between the “Id” and the external world. “Id” is the underlying layer of the Unconscious that urges and determines human behaviour, the domain of the Unconscious. “Id” is the foundation of any child’s personality. It is driven by primary biological needs, desires, and emotions. At the same time, “Id” is not a dry foundation for further development, but an original living source of psychic energy that “Ego” and “Super-Ego” just “borrow”. “Super-Ego” is the intrapersonal conscience, a kind of censor. “Super-Ego” is generated by the inability of “Ego” to curb unconscious impulses and subject them to the demands of reality. “Ego” tries to maintain harmony both with “Id” and with the outside world. This creates a new instance of “Super-Ego” – conscience or unconscious guilt. “Super-Ego” reflects social inhibitions. The “Id” can lead to conflict situations and mental disorders (neuroses). Neuroses are illnesses caused by conflict between the Conscious and the Unconscious; they occur where the control of the Consciousness is weakened.