CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM ENZYME ACTIVITY IN СRUCIAN CARP (CARASSIUS CARASSIUS) UNDER AFLATOXICOSIS AS A BIOMARKER FOR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT TOXICITY ASSESSMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/naturalspu/2025.2.6Keywords:
aflatoxin B1, common crucian carp, carbohydrate metabolism, biomarkers, toxicity, aquatic environment, toxicity assessment, enzymesAbstract
Climate change and the increasing anthropogenic load on the environment contribute to the spread of hazardous toxins, particularly mycotoxins, which pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most common mycotoxins contaminating feed, and its effect on aquatic organisms requires detailed study. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of aflatoxin B1 on the activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.), using this as a biochemical marker to assess the toxicity of the aquatic environment. The study was conducted on 2-year-old crucian carp kept in 200-liter aquariums. The experimental group of fish was exposed to AFV1 at a concentration of 1.0 μg/L. The activity of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism – glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-FDG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Phase) – was determined in the liver, brain and white muscles.Additionally, glucose and glycogen concentrations in these tissues were analyzed. The results showed that the effect of AFV1 caused significant changes in metabolic processes. A significant increase in glucose levels in the liver (by 110%) and muscles (by 89%) was observed, which was accompanied by depletion of glycogen stores (a decrease of 53% and 52%, respectively). These changes indicate the development of stress hyperglycemia and the mobilization of energy reserves to counteract the toxin. Enzyme activity also underwent significant changes. LDH activity significantly increased in all studied organs (by 90% in the liver, 79% in the muscles and 55% in the brain), while ICDGH activity significantly decreased (by 53% in the liver, 44% in the brain and 50% in the muscles). This indicates the transition of the organism from the aerobic to the anaerobic pathway of energy metabolism, probably due to mitochondrial damage. At the same time, the activity of G-6-FDG increased in the liver and muscles (by 105% and 64%), which is evidence of the activation of the pentose phosphate pathway for the synthesis of NADPH, which is necessary for antioxidant protection and detoxification. The findings confirm that changes in the activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and glucose and glycogen concentrations are sensitive biochemical indicators of the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1. These indicators can serve as reliable and informative markers for monitoring and assessing the level of toxicity of the aquatic environment, which is critically important for environmental protection and ensuring the quality of aquaculture products.
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